【高考常考的定语从句八大类】在英语学习中，定语从句是语法中的重点内容之一，尤其在高考英语中占有重要地位。掌握常见的定语从句类型，有助于提高阅读理解能力和写作水平。以下是对高考常考的定语从句八大类的总结与归纳，帮助学生系统复习并灵活运用。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
| 关系代词 | 用法说明 | 例句 |
| who | 指人，在从句中作主语或宾语 | The girl who is singing is my sister. |
| whom | 指人，在从句中作宾语 | The man whom you met yesterday is my teacher. |
| whose | 表示所属关系，可指人或物 | The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate. |
| which | 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语 | The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. |
| that | 指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语（不可用于非限制性定语从句） | The person that called me is my uncle. |
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
| 关系副词 | 用法说明 | 例句 |
| when | 表时间，修饰时间名词 | I still remember the day when we met for the first time. |
| where | 表地点，修饰地点名词 | This is the school where I studied. |
| why | 表原因，修饰“reason”等词 | That’s the reason why he left early. |
三、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句对主句起补充说明作用，通常由which、who、whom引导，且前后有逗号隔开。
| 引导词 | 用法说明 | 例句 |
| which | 指物 | My brother, who is in Beijing, will come back next week. |
| who | 指人 | My teacher, who is very kind, always helps us. |
四、关系代词在从句中作介词宾语的情况
当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，可以用which或whom，也可将介词提前，构成“介词 + which/whom”的结构。
| 结构 | 例句 |
| 介词 + which/whom | The book in which I wrote my notes is lost. |
| which/whom + 介词 | The man whom I spoke to is my father. |
五、关系代词that的特殊用法
that在某些情况下可以替代which或who，尤其是在以下情况中：
- 当先行词是all、everything、nothing、something、anything、the one等时；
- 当先行词被the only、the very、the same等修饰时；
- 当定语从句为限制性时。
| 例句 | 解析 |
| All that glitters is not gold. | 先行词为“all”，用that更自然。 |
| This is the only book that I have. | 先行词被“only”修饰，用that更合适。 |
六、定语从句与强调句的区分
定语从句和强调句在结构上容易混淆，但两者功能不同：
- 定语从句：修饰名词或代词，说明其性质或特征。
- 强调句：突出句子的某一部分，常用“it is/was...that/who...”结构。
| 例句 | 类型 | 解析 |
| It is the man who helped me. | 强调句 | 强调“the man” |
| The man who helped me is my neighbor. | 定语从句 | 修饰“the man” |
七、关系代词和关系副词的选择技巧
选择关系代词还是关系副词，关键在于看从句中是否缺少主语或宾语：
- 如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，用关系代词（who, whom, which, that）；
- 如果从句中不缺主语或宾语，而是表示时间、地点或原因，用关系副词（when, where, why）。
八、定语从句的省略现象
在口语或较正式的书面语中，有时会省略关系代词，尤其是that在宾语位置时。
| 例句 | 省略后 | 解析 |
| The book that I lent you is mine. | The book I lent you is mine. | 省略“that” |
| The man whom I saw yesterday is my friend. | The man I saw yesterday is my friend. | 省略“whom” |
总结表格
| 类型 | 关系词 | 特点 | 举例 |
| 关系代词 | who, whom, whose, which, that | 修饰人或物，作主语或宾语 | The girl who is singing is my friend. |
| 关系副词 | when, where, why | 修饰时间、地点、原因 | The day when we met was unforgettable. |
| 非限制性 | which, who, whom | 不影响主句，用逗号隔开 | My father, who is a doctor, loves reading. |
| 介词后 | which, whom | 介词+which/whom | The house in which I live is old. |
| that的特殊用法 | that | 用于特定情况 | This is the only solution that works. |
| 强调句 | that, who | 强调某部分 | It is the teacher who taught us English. |
| 选择技巧 | —— | 根据从句成分判断 | —— |
| 省略现象 | that, whom | 常见于口语或正式写作 | The man (whom) I met is my uncle. |
通过以上分类与实例分析，考生可以更好地理解和掌握高考中常见的定语从句类型，提升语言运用能力，为考试打下坚实基础。
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